In today’s manufacturing industry, plastic injection moulding is widely used, both locally and worldwide. In 2021, the global injection moulding industry was valued at €220.5 billion, with an expected CAGR of 4.6 per cent from 2022 to 2030 (‘Injection Molding Machine Market Size & Share Report, 2030’. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/injection-molding-machine-market, accessed on September 2, 2022). It owes its popularity to its relatively large-scale application in the mass manufacturing industry, being capable of producing large quantities of plastic parts to consistent quality. Injection moulding is a process in which molten plastic is pressurised to fill mould cavities and is then cooled down to produce plastic products for various applications. Due to the nature of this process, issues relating to air entrapment in the mould cavities are very common, resulting in a variety of part defects such as incomplete cavity filling, burn marks and high residual stress in the moulded products which in turn will result in waste which has its own financial and environmental implications. To solve such issues, primarily related to incomplete mould filling caused by air...
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